The Big Items
The "comfort" level is a moving target, but let's define it as housing stability, full bellies, and the ability to commute. In Covington, the math gets ugly fast. The median home price is $278,000. If you are a single earner making that $32,347 median individual income, you are priced out of the market immediately. A lender will look at that income and laugh; you cannot afford a $278,000 home on that salary. You are forced into the rental market, which is currently a bloodbath. While specific 1BR/2BR data points are missing in the sanitized reports, the pressure of the housing shortage drives rents up aggressively. You aren't looking at "affordable" rent; you are looking at a scenario where rent consumes 40% to 50% of that median take-home pay. That is not living; that is servitude.
If you manage to scrape together a down payment and buy that $278,000 home, you face the property tax bite. Kentucky isn't a high-tax state, but it isn't a tax haven either. Property taxes in Boone, Kenton, and Campbell counties generally hover around 1.0% to 1.2% of the assessed value. On a $278,000 home, that’s roughly $2,780 to $3,336 per year in property taxes alone. That’s an immediate $230+ a month just for the privilege of owning the land, before you pay the mortgage principal or interest. Then you have the income tax. Kentucky has a flat state income tax rate of 4.5%, set to decrease further in future years, which is decent. However, Covington also imposes a local Occupational License Tax (Wage Tax). This is a 1.0% tax on gross wages earned within the city limits. If you work in Covington, you lose 1.0% right off the top. It sounds small, but on a $60,000 salary, that’s $600 a year—money that evaporates for the "privilege" of working there.
Don't forget the groceries and gas. The index suggests groceries are roughly 90% of the national average. That is a statistical lie when you walk into a local Kroger or Meijer. While the index averages out the cost of a gallon of milk, it doesn't account for the shrinkflation and quality degradation hitting the shelves now. You are paying roughly $3.80 to $4.00 for a gallon of milk and seeing ground beef fluctuate wildly. Gas prices in Kentucky generally track slightly below the national average, currently hovering around $3.10 to $3.30 per gallon. But "slightly below" doesn't matter when you are commuting across the Brent Spence Bridge into Cincinnati. That toll commute bleeds you dry. You are paying to move your car, paying to insure it, and paying for the fuel. The "bang for your buck" on groceries is diminishing, and the gas costs are a mandatory expense for anyone commuting out of the area for better wages.